The S-400 consignment was delivered to the Murted Air Base outside the capital Ankara, the ministry said.
"The delivery of parts belonging to the system will continue in the coming days," Turkey's Defence Industry Directorate said separately. "Once the system is completely ready, it will begin to be used in a way determined by the relevant authorities."
President Tayyip Erdogan said after meeting President Donald Trump at a G20 summit last month that the United States did not plan to impose sanctions on Ankara for buying the S-400s. Trump said Turkey had not been treated fairly but did not rule out sanctions.
The United States says the S-400s are not compatible with NATO's defence network and could compromise its Lockheed Martin F-35 stealth fighter jets, an aircraft Turkey is helping to build and planning to buy.
Under possible US sanctions, Turkey could face expulsion from the F-35 programme, a move Erdogan has dismissed. But Washington has already started the process of removing Turkey from the F-35 programme, halting training of Turkish pilots in the United States on the aircraft.
