The Gulf Arab state's ruler, Emir Sheikh Sabah al-Ahmad al-Sabah, issued the order by decree. Under constitutional rules, Sheikh Jaber must form a cabinet before the first session of the new parliament on December 16. The old cabinet quit on Monday.
Sheikh Jaber, a 70-year-old former defence minister, became prime minister in late 2011 after his predecessor was forced to resign following pressure in parliament.
The December 1 election was the second this year in the OPEC state, where a series of assemblies have collapsed due to a long-running power struggle between the parliament and the cabinet, in which the emir's relatives hold the top posts.